Since Johns Hopkins's foundation in 1876, philosophy has always been represented among the subjects taught here, although the numbers and degree of eminence of the philosophers associated with the University has varied. The first philosophers employed at Hopkins were indeed well-known, although none became permanently established. Charles D. Morris taught philosophy at Hopkins for several years, as did George S. Morris and Charles Peirce. William James was a visiting professor from Harvard in 1878. These men advised Hopkins's first graduate students in philosophy, including Josiah Royce (the first person to earn a Hopkins Ph.D. in philosophy) and John Dewey.

By 1896, however, these men had all left Hopkins. Charles Morris had died and President Gilman was unable to persuade James to stay. Gilman was disinclined (due, perhaps, to differences in religious opinion or because of personal considerations) to retain either George Morris or Peirce. G. Stanley Hall, who had been a lecturer at Hopkins since 1881, was the ultimate survivor. He was elevated from a lectureship to Professor of Psychology and Pedagogics after Peirce's departure and was responsible for undergraduate LEP (Logic, Ethics and Psychology) courses until his resignation in 1888, when he became the first president of Clark University. (For an interpretive account of the philosophical debates which led to the Seminary's reorganization, see Albert Hammond's account in the vertical reference files of the Archives under "Philosophy"; also see Hugh Hawkins's 'Pioneer: A History of the Johns Hopkins University,' 1874-1889, pp. 187-210.)

Hall's replacement was Edward Griffin, who was appointed Professor of the History of Philosophy and Dean of the College Faculty in 1889. With G. H. Emmott (until Emmott's departure in 1896), Griffin taught the LEP course required of all undergraduate seniors until his retirement in 1915. Griffin apparently did not admit or advise any graduate students of his own, although he did hold seminars in the History of Philosophy for graduate students whose primary interests lay elsewhere.

The Philosophy, Ethics and Psychology faculty was expanded and enlivened in 1903 with the appointment of James M. Baldwin as Professor of Philosophy and Psychology. Baldwin established a psychological laboratory, edited the Psychological Review and attracted new graduate students. Griffin continued to teach the LEP courses with Professor George Stratton. Baldwin departed in 1909, and the vacancy thus created was filled by several other appointments in psychology as well as by the appointment of Edward Buchner as Professor of Philosophy and Education.

After Baldwin's departure, the department was listed in the President's Annual Report as the Philosophy, Education and Psychology Seminar. With the appointment of Arthur O. Lovejoy in 1910, however, these three subjects were increasingly taught and administered separately. They were formally divided into three seminaries in 1915-1916.

With the appointment of Lovejoy, the department assumed a form which was to last until its reorganization in the late 1950s. Throughout this period, the department was recognized and influential because of a handful of eminent scholars associated with it, rather than being noted as a center of graduate study. Relatively few Ph.D.s in philosophy were awarded by the department between 1910 and 1945, one every three or four years. But Lovejoy did attract increasing numbers of graduate students into his graduate level seminars, which he designed in conjunction with other seminaries to be of interest to German and French literature students and to others in the humanities. Undergraduate LEP courses were handled first by Henry Slonimsky, and after Slonimsky's departure in 1921, by Albert Hammond and George Boas (Hammond joined the department in 1923, Boas, in 1921). From 1917 to the end of February 1918, Lovejoy took a leave of absence to serve as director of Lectures in the Educational Bureau of the International War Work Council of the YMCA.

During the 1920s and 1930s, Lovejoy and Boas together explored that area of research known as the History of Ideas. Subjects chosen for the Seminary course (later known as the Department Seminar) reflected this trend. Lovejoy each year chose one theme which became the object of debate and research: the concept of evolution and the concept of relativity are two examples. In addition, Boas and Lovejoy brought out a multi-volume Documentary History of Primitivism during the 1930s. Both men became Presidents of the American Philosophical Association and both were invited to give the prestigious Carus Lectures. Upon Lovejoy's retirement in 1938, Boas assumed the chairmanship of the department.

After Lovejoy's retirement, seminary topics increasingly emphasized issues in phenomenology and aesthetics. The undergraduate LEP course had been replaced in the late 1920s by a freshman survey, the Introduction to the Scientific Method (later known as Philosophy 1). Graduate and undergraduate level courses were also offered in the History of Philosophy. Graduate level courses were entirely suspended between 1942 and 1946, however, when Boas took leave to work for the Navy. Hammond assumed responsibility during this period for the undergraduate courses.

In the period after World War II, the focus of the department changed, as department members sought to increase both the size of the faculty and the number of graduate students enrolled. In 1938, the department had three full-time graduate students; this number had increased to eleven by 1951, and grew to an average of twenty or more during the 1960s and early 1970s. With the rapid expansion of the faculty (from two during the 1930s to an average of six or seven after the late 1950s), the departmental course offerings were also expanded. New courses included topics in American Philosophy, British Empiricism, metaphysics, epistemology, Greek Philosophy and (after the early 1960s) a strong emphasis on symbolic logic. By the mid-1950s, these expanded offerings had been divided into the three categories (Historical, Systematic and Special courses) that are used today. The graduate exam system developed parallel to the course expansion, and was given its present form in 1961.

With the increase in graduate enrollment came a strong increase in the number of undergraduates enrolled in Philosophy department surveys and in the number of those completing an undergraduate major in philosophy. This development led the department to increase the number of advanced undergraduate courses offered after 1960. Although the number of graduate students declined somewhat after the late 1970s, the faculty had continued to increase in numbers and to branch out into new fields of philosophical research.

APPENDIX A: FACULTY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY, 1876-1990 (Asterisks indicate full professors) *Morris, Charles D'Urban--Collegiate Professor of Greek and Latin, 1876-1886 Morris, George S.--Lecturer, 1878-1885 Peirce, Charles--Lecturer, 1879-1884 James, William--Visiting Lecturer, 1877 Smith, Benjamin E.--Instructor, 1881-1882 *Hall, Granville Stanley--Lecturer, 1881-1884; Professor of Psychology and Pedagogics, 1884-1888 Harris, James R.--Lecturer, 1882-1884 *Emmott, George H.--Associate Professor of Logic and Ethics, 1886-1892; Professor of Roman Law, 1892-1896 *Griffin, Edward H.--Professor of History of Philosophy, 1889-1915; Professor Emeritus, 1915-1925 *Baldwin, James M.--Professor of Philosophy and Psychology, 1903-1909 Franklin, Christine Ladd--Lecturer in Logic and Philosophy, 1904-1909 Royce, Josiah--Lecturer, 1905-1906 Dewey, John--Lecturer, 1906-1907 *Buchner, Edward F.--Professor of Education and Philosophy, 1908-1915 Furry, William D.--Instructor, 1909-1910 *Lovejoy, Arthur O.--Professor of Philosophy, 1910-1938; Professor Emeritus, 1938-1962 Slonimsky, Henry--Instructor, 1915-1916; Associate, 1916-1920; Lecturer, 1920-1921 Efros, Israel I.--Instructor in Philosophy, Summer courses, 1917 Hammond, Albert L.--Instructor in Philosophy, College for Teachers, 1918-1926; Instructor in Summer courses, 1922-1923, 1925, 1938-1956; Assistant in Philosophy, 1919-1921; Instructor, 1923-1924, 1925-1926; Lecturer, 1928-1929; Visiting Lecturer in Fine Arts, 1939-1942; Assistant Professor, 1946-1955; Associate Professor, 1955-1961; Associate Professor Emeritus, 1961-1970 Thalheimer, Alvin--Instructor in Philosophy, 1920; Summer courses, 1920-1921 Cohen, Morris R.--Lecturer, 1921, 1925-1926 Salter, William M.--Lecturer, 1921 *Boas, George--Associate in Philosophy, 1921-1927; Associate Professor, 1927-1933; Professor of the History of Philosophy, 1933-1957; Professor Emeritus, 1957-1980 Montague, William P.--Visiting Professor of Philosophy, 1922-1923 Cory, Herbert E.--Lecturer, 1922-1923; College for Teachers, 1922-1923 Hawes, Raymond P.--Instructor at College for Teachers, 1923-1924; Summer courses, 1924, 1926, 1928 Singer, Edgar A., Jr.--Lecturer, 1926 McGill, V. Jerauld--Instructor in Summer courses, 1927 Baker, John--Instructor, 1926-1927 Weinberg, Albert--Instructor at the College for Teachers, 1927-1928 Thalheimer, Ross J.--Instructor, 1920-1921; Instructor at the College for Teachers, 1928-1930, 1935-1936 Dotterer, Ray H.--Instructor in Summer courses, 1929-1930 Trager, Frank N.--Instructor in College for Teachers, 1929-1934 Dorsey, Charles H., Jr.--Instructor in College for Teachers, 1930-1931 Blumberg, Albert E.--Instructor, 1930-1937 Friess, Horace L.--Visiting Professor in Philosophy, 1932-1933 Feldman, William T.--Instructor, 1933, at the College for Teachers, 1933-1935 Patterson, Robert L.--Lecturer, 1934-1935 Weinstein, Alexander--Instructor, 1935-1936 Gurwitsch, Aron--Visiting Lecturer in Philosophy, 1940-1942 Gauss, Charles E.--Instructor at the College for Teachers, 1941-1942 Weedon, William S.--Lecturer, 1942 Balz, Albert G. A.-- Lecturer, 1942 *Lowe, Victor--Associate Professor, 1947-1961; Professor, 1961-1973; Professor Emeritus, 1973-1988 *Edelstein, Ludwig--Visiting Professor, 1950-1952; Professor of Humanistic Studies, 1952-1960; Professor Emeritus, 1960-1965 *Price, Kingsley--Assistant Professor, 1954-1957; Associate Professor, 1957-1963; Professor, 1963-1986 Beth, Evart--Visiting Professor, 1956-1957 Yolton, John--Visiting Professor, 1952-1953 *Mandelbaum, Maurice--Professor, 1957-1978; Professor Emeritus, 1978-1987 Ullian, Joseph S.--Assistant Professor, 1958-1960 Olafson, Frederick--Associate Professor, 1960-1964 Koslow, Arnold--Lecturer, 1960 Wiebe, Richard--Instructor, 1960-1962 Lee, Edward--Instructor, 1961-1962; Assistant Professor, 1962-1967; Associate Professor, 1967-1968 *Achinstein, Peter--Assistant Professor, 1962-1968; Professor, 1968- *Barker, Stephen--Professor, 1964- Hill, Thomas Jr.--Assistant Professor, 1964-1966 Gert, Bernard--Visiting Associate Professor, 1967-1968 Braithwaite, R. B.--Visiting Professor, 1968 Bradley, R. D.--Visiting Professor, 1967 Santas, Gerasimos--Associate Professor, 1968-1969 Silverstein, Harry--Assistant Professor, 1968-1973 Davis, Lawrence--Assistant Professor, 1968-1975 *Sachs, David--Professor of Philosophy, 1969- Cummins, Robert--Assistant Professor, 1969-1976 Gottlieb, Dale--Assistant Professor, 1969-1975; Associate Professor, 1975-1980; Visiting Associate Professor, 1980 Dancy, Russel--Visiting Assistant Professor, 1970 *Wilson, George--Assistant Professor, 1973-1980; Associate Professor, 1980-1983; Professor, 1983- Strurgeon, Nicholas--Assistant Professor, 1973 Postema, Gerald--Assistant Professor, 1975-1980 Hooker, Michael--Assistant Professor, 1975-1982 Kim, Jaegwon--Visiting Professor, 1977-1978 Hunt, Lester--Mellon Post-Doctoral Fellow, 1979 Berger, Alan--Visiting Assistant Professor, 1980-1981 Garber, Daniel--Visiting Assistant Professor, 1980-1981 Simmons, John--Visiting Assistant Professor, 1980-1981 Hatfield, Gary--Assistant Professor, 1981- Taschek, William--Assistant Professor, 1981-1985 *Schneewind, Jerome--Professor, 1981- Zaret, David--Assistant Professor, 1981-1986 Liston, Michael--Mellon Postdoctoral Fellow, 1984-1985 Petrie, Bradford--Assistant Professor, 1985-1989 Wolf, Susan--Associate Professor, 1986- Rynasiewicz, Robert--Assistant Professor, 1986- Minar, Edward--Assistant Professor, 1987- Mann, Wolfgang--Mellon Postdoctoral Fellow, 1987-1989 Recker, Doren--Mellon Postdoctoral Fellow, 1987-1988 Des Chenes, Dennis--Assistant Professor, 1988 Stairs, Allen--Associate Professor (Part-time), 1989-